D. N. Tewari

Abstract

Because of the complexity of forests and our incomplete knowledge of them, it is essential to conserve and manage them sustainably. while managing resources sustainably, a policy that focuses on the conservation and protection of resources must take due account of those who depend on the resources for their livelihood. For increasing productivity, conservation of biodiversity, meeting forest products needs of the people and to reverse the current trends of forest depletion, degradation of ecosystems, and loss of genetic resources, research support is urgently needed. By increasing research capacity it is possible to develop improved technologies and management practices for resulting in conservation and sustainable development of forests.

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D. N. Tewari

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As a concept, urban forestry is a relatively new one, both for foresters and for the general public. There is a consensus in the view that quality of urban life depends largely on the amount and quality of green spaces within it or close to it. The increase of urban dwellers is responsible for reduction in green space and treeless areas. Urbanisation near sea coasts deserts and on the banks of important rivers is responsible for environmental degradation and biodiversity erosion. Urban forestry can improve the environment for better living and conserve biodiversity of mangrove and other fragile ecosystems in and around cities.

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D. N. Tewari

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Planting trees is widely touted as a hedge against climate change. However, the importance of forest for the maintenance of global climate cannot yet be reliably quantified. A forest ecosystem creates its own microclimate. The microclimate of an natural-pristine or man-made forest ecosystem is closely related to the physiognomy and architecture of the canopy. Deforestation annually accounts for about 6.4 billion metric tons of Carbon dioxide emissions, or about 22 per cent of Carbon dioxide emissions. Plantations and agroforestry schemes can absorb carbon dioxide, which will check global warming and climatic changes.

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D. N. Tewari

Abstract

Sustained yield is deeply embedded principle in the forest management of the country. Multiple and integrated use of forests, joint forest management, biological rejuvenation of degraded areas have helped to maintain ecological integrity of the forest environment for their sustainable management. ICFRE after becoming autonomous has done prioritisation of forestry research. It has integrated forestry research, education and extension to green the areas for sustainable development.

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D. N. Tewari

Abstract

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D. N. Tewari

Abstract

The UNCED Report (1992) stressed that "all Countries should make efforts towards 'greening the World' through reforestation and forest Conservations." It is necessary to develop technologies for increasing production, sustainable development and conservation of biological diversity. Improvement of technology is the result of good forestry research which is in the turn result of good forestry research management. The Seminar recommended strengthening of existing forest research institutes, providing financial resources and effective management of forestry research at the national and international levels.

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D. N. Tewari

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Forestry is not simply a question of trees; it is above all a question of mankind. It is very difficult to impose forest conservation regulations on rural populations, when forest areas undergo pressures arising from the need to satisfy vital food, fodder, fibre and energy reqnirements. Meeting these basic needs is a priority. Foresters have to pay more attention to the expectations and needs of society and by involving the local population in managing the forest sustainably. A well-balanced physical, financial, human, natural, institutional and cultural commitment is the condition for joint forest management with durable success.

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D. N. Tewari

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Poverty is a complex and multidimentional problem with origin in both national and international domains. According to an estimate, about 30 per cent people are living below the poverty line and majority of them are residing in or around the forest. Innovative schemes in forestry sector can meet the basic needs of rural poor for food. Fuel, foddar, fibre, building, materials and other forest products and services besides improving environment to make the lives of poors happy and prosperous Forestry development has immense potential of generating employment and all efforts should be made to alleviate poverty.

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D. N. Tewari

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Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are significant source of subsistence products, employment and household income in areas near forests. A large proportion of employment generated by NTFP accrues to women. Annual employment generation is estimated over 5 million person years with a potential to double it with comparatively less investment. Main items of NTFP include food, fodder and grasses, bamboo, canes, medicinal products, spices, essential oils, insecticides, resins, gums, commercial leaves, natural dyes and tannins, starches, oils and fats, fibre and flosses and animal products like lac, silk and honey etc. The scope of NTFP is so wide and fruitful that if properly managed can generate employment to all forest-dwellers and alleviate poverty.

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D. N. Tewari

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Shifting cultivation In the past was workable, because the population pressures were low,forests were in abundance and the soil was very rich. Due to Increase in popUlation the shifting cultivation cycle has reduced causing serious soil erosion, denuding the hills, exposing the rocks, affecting the environment and productivity of land adversely. For containing shifting cultivation within the area already affected alternative avenues of Income have to be devised to satisfy wants of Jhumias suitably harmonised with the right land use practices for restoration of ecological balance and maintenance of environmental stability. For helping the hill people to live a better life and also to Improve the condition of the hills a scheme for control of shifting cultivation was started by Govt. of India for rehabilitation of 25,000 Jhumia families in 9 States and Rs. 15 crores were earmarked to be utilised in live years beginning 1981-89. Pace of implementation so far has been slow. Coverage of families under the scheme needs to be increased in order to tackle the problem within a reasonable period of 20 years. All important aspects haYe been listed for controlling shifting cultivation.

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D. N. Tewari

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The forests of developing world have suffered serious depletion due to relentless pressure arising from ever-increasing demand for fuelwood, fodder, timber, Inadequate protection measures; diversion of forest lands to non-forest uses without ensuring compensatory afforestation and essential environmental safeguard. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan is an unprecedented International effort to stem the depletion of the tropical forests. There is a clear need to build capacity to identify priorities for forestry research basedon user needs; to strengthen existing institutions and create new one where necessary; and to plan, manage aod conduct research at an accelerated pace. But forestry research can be meaningful only with a strong bond to the practical efforts it is intended to support.

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D. N. Tewari

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As per Nationa1 Forest Policy (1988) the national goal should be to have a minimum of one third of the total land area of the country under forests or tree cover. It is difficult to extend forest area but tree cover can increase substantially through social forestry programmes. Thus social forestry can increase the relative share of forest in the total land use pattern in the country. Social forestry must aim a need basis and time bound programme of afforestation and tree planting. It is imperative that social forestry should increasingly become a people's enterprise where the government has a supporting and non-implementing role. Social forestry being a People's Programme is different from traditiona1 forestry. It is necessary to strengthen the research activity in order to evolve new methodology in propogation of different plants needed by the people in their everyday life and also for generation of income. The productivity has to be increased per unit of area per unit time. The core message - "the tree is beneficial and essential for survival" must spread throughout the country. The social forestry extension worker must not only have a good knowledge of silviculture and social conditions in the working areas, but also be trained to work with people and to organise them for afforestation work. Land laws should be modified to facilitate individuals and institutions to undertake tree farming and grow fodder plants, grasses and legumes On their own land and degraded lands. Appropriate legislation should be undertaken to allow ownership and rights to harvest and sell their trees. West Bengal has shown a new approach in rehabilitation of degraded forest areas with the help of Forest Protection Committees. Several experiments are under trial for involvement of p.ople on sharing basis of the revenue from the growth of forest produce in different states. It is now recognised that agroforestry holds the potential for supplying a substantial part otcountry's Wood requirement. Driving force for agroforestry development must be the wood marketing (adequate and appropriate prices). Non-wood products provides sustenance to tribal and other communities. The importance of increasing production of such produce and their processing should be suitably incorporated.

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D. N. Tewari

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Increasing population, urbanisation and industrialisation are causing pollution. The drive to produce enough food to support a growing population has resulted in the use of increasingly marginal resources, the application of harmful fertilizers and agricultural chemicals, and a full scale assault on the world's remaining forest lands. However food security can be achieved only by developing forests which protect soils, conserve water and ameliorate microclimate. For sustainable development forestry has to be developed on priority basis since forests provide a renewable source of materials, energy and other services and belp in reducing environmental crises. Creation of healthy environment is possible only by adopting sustainable strategy for survival.

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D. N. Tewari

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VANA MAHOTSAVA was inaugurated in 1950, with the object of arousing mass consciousness regarding the value of trees and tree crops in the general economy of the country. For making the movement success concerted increase in research inputs, technological back-up and extension at the grass ischolar_main level are of pivotal importance. Now people have become aware of the importance of plantation of trees. Technical, biological, socio-economic and policy research will bring success in afforestation work.

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D. N. Tewari

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The forestry research in India has by now a history of more than a century. Outstanding work has been done in tbe past. However current knowledge and pattern of research will not result sufficiently accurate predictions of the consequences of potentially harmful influences on forest-management practices that lack a sound basis in biological knowledge. The deficiency will reduce our ability to maintain or enhance forest productivity, recretion, and conservation as well as our ability to ameliorate or adapt to changes in the global environment. To help overcome this unfortunate deficiency in knowledge, a new research paradigm will need to be adopted-an environmental paradigm. This will require forestry research to increase the breadth of research areas covered and the depth to which they are investigated. Formation of Indian Council of Forestry Research and Eduucatlon (ICFRE) and Integration of forestry research, education and extension with increased funding will bring golden and green era in Indian Forestry.

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D. N. Tewari

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The National Forest Policy 1988 recognises the symbiotic relationship between the tribal people and forests. For strengthening this relationship it is necessary to involve tribals in regeneration and protection of forests through sharing of usufruct and by providing gainful employment to them. A conservation policy and programme cannot take an anti-people colour. Majority of the people living below poverty line are located inside the forests and on the fringes of forest boundaries. Allowing agriculture on such land. Unsuitable for the plough will only result in its degradation, uneconmic production and environmental crisis. In the context of growing unrest in the tribal belts of the country, it is necessary that forestry sector must act as a nodal agency for alleviation of poverty. Only forestry programmes can generate productive and gainful employment and other opportunities to secure better food, clothing, shelter and health.

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D. N. Tewari

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Bamboo plays an important role in the life of human beings. The various uses of bamboo have been described in this paper. Some suggestions and needs for its conservation, to improve the economy of the people living below the poverty line have also been discussed.

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D. N. Tewari

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Forests and wasteland cover about one third of the geographical area of the country. About 15% of country's population comprising tribals and other poor depend on the use of these resources for their livelihood. India now faces a dual crisis of environmental degradation and rural poverty. Forests have to play a dominant role in rural development, upgradation of environment and uplifting of the poor families above the poverty line by meeting basic needs of the rural population for fuel, fodder, food fibre and building materials. Production of forest produce should be increased by growing of trees in collaboration with masses by infusion of science and technology and adequate financial, institutional, and organisational support.

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T. C. M. Singh , D. N. Tewari

Abstract

Sweden's total forest resources are at present assesaed at 1,819,600,000 cubic metres, solid measures of which some 40% is represented by pine, 45% by spruce, 12% by birch and the remainder by other kinds of timber. The main objective of Swedish forestry is to deliver raw material for a continuously increasing forest industry based on export. Of tbe roundwood removals only 8% is fuelwood and about 2% used as unprocessed wood. Thus 90% of the yield goes to the industries, mainly saw mills, pulp and paper mills and fibre board factories and this part is still increasing, as the fuelwood continues to decline. Private forest-owners well as the state are fully alive to the importance of rational forestry for the national economy, and everything connected with the care and improvement of forests has received the best attention during the last few decade.

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K. B. L. Mathur , D. N. Tewari

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At the instance of the Government, forest inventories have been carried out since 1923. With the data obtained, it is possible to study the changes in the country's forest wealth. The inventory gives a land classification including a detailed description of the forest area, size and composition of growing stock, the rate of growth, regeneration conditions, soil types under various covers and total annaul cut of the country. Special problems of biological, geological and technical in nature can also be studied on the basis of data collected throughout the country within a year.

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